The question of law is decided by presiding officer/judge. Question of fact by circumstantial exhibits. And its conclusion is reached whilst concluding the above two with case precedences aka case laws. For example, can a commonly used initial name be given an exclusive proprietorship rights under trade mark; becomes a mixed matter i.e. both question of law & fact.
Thumb Rule:
Anything Novel Synthetic is Patentable. Natural isn’t as comes under ambit of Discoverable.
But when it comes to gain-of-function researches & kindred inventions, I strongly believe that they must be prosecuted as equalled to an invention kindred to Atomic Energy. Alike S.4 of IPA or S.20 of Atomic Energy Act or U.S.C. S.181 etc., wherein any invention is bound to be scrutinized by respective Government & if so found related to, could be withheld or restricted for publishing or grant or is transferred instantly. Thence, similarly, if & when any Patent kindred to gain-of-function research is ever filed, the said member nation must adhere to similar provisions as mentioned supra w.r.t. Atomic Energy, before reaching at the International Filing Process via Paris Convention or Direct (as already elucidated in detail in my previous blog).
The foundation principle of law anywhere in short may be considered as, ‘Nothing is an offence until the intention (mens rea) is known, taking into account -> right vs right || right vs wrong || wrong vs wrong in any given circumstances.’ Wordings of my definition differ, but never its principle of working. As long as its context is justifiable & prudent, even if it’s beyond the in verbatim written jurisprudence. So, same goes for IP.
Let’s separate trademarks, designs, G.I., Patents, and Domain Name Disputes for a moment first, when it come to the infringement proceed...
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